Video Conferencing Vs. Audio Web Conferencing

Organizations are generally confused whether to use audio web conferencing or video conferencing to communicate with their clients, stakeholders, members and all other relevant individuals. Both types of conferences have their own advantages and disadvantages, and it is essential to analyze the needs and requirements of an organization before choosing on one of these conferences.

Audio web conferencing uses the latest VoIP technology to transmit voice over the internet. This facilitates a better voice clarity and reception. Further, VoIP technology is very cost effective since it converts the voice into packets and then sends it across. This ensures that only the relevant part of the conversation is sent across and the silence part is left behind, thereby saving on the internet charges. Latest equipments such as Cisco conferencing bridge enable the facilitation of an increasing number of members to the conference without affecting its quality. Further, Cisco conferencing bridge offers additional features such as a scheduler and auto dialer to improve the productivity of a conference.

Video conferencing equipment, on the other hand enables the transmission of video images across the internet. This acts as a close replica to a physical meeting, thereby producing similar results at a much lower cost. Video conferencing equipment working on the revolutionary VoIP technology further facilitate the transfer of data, files and presentations during the course of a conference. This is particularly helpful in corporate meetings and meetings with clients who are located at a far away place.

Now, which type of conferencing to choose would depend on the specific requirements of the organization. Audio web conferencing is more suitable to smaller organizations that don’t have a frequent need to conference and do not require transfer of data, files and presentations during the course of the conference. There have been a lot of technological advancements in the field of audio conference, and a lot of new products such as wireless headsets have come up that allow unconstrained mobility during the conference. If there is a frequent need to have conferences with important members such as clients and members then video conferencing would be the ideal choice since it provides a similar atmosphere as that of a real meeting. Moreover, technologically advanced video conferencing equipment such as a high resolution web camera or a TV screen that can supportmultiple members, can further enhance the effectiveness of a video conference.

Since both the conferences have their own advantages, it is advisable to carefully analyze the needs of your organization and then take a decision regarding which conferencing system to set up. For more information, you can visit : http://www.conference-bridge.com/

by: Zaibatt Zaki

How To Download Content From The Internet

Downloading Content
From The Internet
Teaching you the best techniques for downloading content from the internet

1. Introduction
Downloading content from internet has become a commonplace activity for all internet users –
in the home, in business and in schools. All internet users download content from time to
time – typically programs, games, pictures, music, video and documents.
Downloading content can be troublesome. Downloads can fail. Downloads can take e

xcessive
time. Downloads can be password-protected. Some content cannot be downloaded using
your web browser.
A download manager is a utility designed to fix all the problems you may be having
downloading content from the internet. They have quickly become a must-have utility for all
internet users. Download manage rs can accelerate your downloads, allow you to resume
broken downloads and contain numerous features that allow to you get hard-to-get files from
the internet.
This white paper presents a series of tutorials that will teach you how download various types
of content from the internet.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 4
1.1 Key terms

It is assumed that you have a reasonable knowledge of the internet when reading this white
paper. Several terms used in this white paper are explained below:
URL
A URL (or Uniform Resource Locator) is the location of a resource on the internet. The
format of a URL includes the protocol (e.g. http://, https://, ftp://, mms://, etc.), the
domain name (or IP address), and additional path information (or folder & file name). A
URL may address a web page file, a program file, an image file, a CGI file, or any other
type of file, folder or program.
Download managers use URLs to find the location of files, web sites and FTP sites that
you want to download. You input URLs when download content from the internet.
Examples of URLs are:

• http://www.conceiva.com/downloads/downloadstudio2200.exe

• ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/pub/msoffice.zip

• http://www.google.com

• http://www.itunes.com/hiphop/newtrack.mp3

Servers, Domains and Groups
A server name represents a single web server. For example, "www.conceiva.com" and
"www.google.com" are examples of server names. Even "google.com" counts as a
different server name since it is not the same as "www.google.com" - even though if you
visit "http://www.google.com" and "http://google.com" in your web browser you may
see the same content.
A domain name is the most general part of a server name. For example,
"conceiva.com", "google.com" and "zdnet.co.uk" are examples of domain names. When
downloading files, if you set the download job to span across Domains, it will download
files from any servers that share the same domain name. For example,
"www.conceiva.com", "images.conceiva.com" and "downloads.conceiva.com" all belong
to the same domain “conceiva.com”.
A group name refers to any number of servers that share the same name regardless of
the country-specific part of the name. For example, "www.conceiva.net",
"ftp.conceiva.org.au" and "images.conceiva.co.jp" would all be part of the same group,
because they all contain the word "conceiva" directly before the country-specific part of
the name.
Using the URL "http://www.conceiva.com/images/logo.gif" as an example:
• "www.conceiva.com/images" is the folder name
• "www.conceiva.com" is the server name
• "conceiva.com" is the domain name
• "conceiva" is the group name

MIME Type
MIME types are a standard for defining the types of files attached to standard internet
mail messages and on web servers. The MIME standard is used by software applications
such as download managers to communicate with web servers to determine what type of
file is being transferred. The MIME type of a file can be a more accurate method of
determining the type of a file rather than using the file extension of a file to guess the
type of file on a web site.
Examples:
• HTML files have a MIME type of "text/html"
• JPEG files have a MIME type of "image/jpeg"
RSS feed
RSS feeds have become a popular way for web sites to inform you about its latest news
or its latest content. RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication and is an XML based file
that contains information and links about content from a web site. Popular RSS feeds
are latest headlines from news web sites, latest music titles from music sites, latest
company news from business web sites, latest topics from blogs, and more.
Podcast
Podcasts are RSS feeds that contain information and links to audio and video files. They
have become very a popular way to get your favorite music, due mainly to the popularity
of portable media players such as Apple’s iPod.
Streaming media
Streaming audio and video is used to view movies and listen to music from the internet.
Media players such as Windows Media Player and Real One Player can connect to
streaming media servers and play streaming audio and video. Streaming media servers
send audio and video as small packets of data to your media player on your computer.
Once played, the packets of data are discarded – so there is no way for you to save the
file using your web browser or media player.
1.2 Important: Notice about copyright ownership
Download managers, including DownloadStudio, are designed to assist you to download files
from the internet. If you do not own the copyright to these files or do not have permission to
copy these files from the copyright owner, you may be violating copyright law and be subject
to payment of damages and other remedies. If you are uncertain of your rights, contact your
legal advisor.
All examples of downloading that are contained in this White Paper are for illustration
purposes only. These URLs (or web site addresses) may or may not exist. The use of the
example URLs does not imply that you have consent to download content from them.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 6
2. Various types of content to download
The internet has many different types of files and content that you may be interested in
downloading. Some popular examples of content are:
• Programs. Programs are executable files that usually are downloaded and installed
onto your computer. Programs can be large files that take significant bandwidth and
time to download.
• Images & pictures. Images are located all over the internet on web sites and ftp
sites. They are probably the most popular content downloaded by internet users.
The popular image file formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG. Images are typically small
files (< 100 kilobytes) so that they can be displayed quickly in web browsers. Images
can be small thumbnails or larger-sized images. Typically, internet users want to
download the larger-sized images.
• Movies & video. Video content has become very popular for internet users who
have broadband connections. Video content is either streamed onto your computer
from a streaming media server into your media player, or it is a file that can be
downloaded and then played in your media player. Video content is typically very
large in size and can take significant bandwidth and time to download. Video content
that is streamed into your media player cannot be downloaded in the traditional filebased
manner using your web browser or media player.
• Music, audio & podcasts. With the popularity of portable media players, audio has
become a very popular download for internet users. Audio is either streamed onto
your computer from a streaming media server into your media player, or it is a file
that can be downloaded and then played in your media player. Podcasts have
become a very popular way to subscribe to music and video you are interested in.
Podcasts are specialized RSS feed (XML-based) files on the internet that describe and
link to a collection of audio or video files. Audio content is typically medium-to-large
in size. Audio that is streamed directly into your media player cannot be downloaded
in the traditional file-based manner using your web browser or media player.
• Web sites. Some internet users often wish to download a complete web site (or
certain pages of a web site) so that they can view it later at their convenience. This
is called offline browsing. All files for a web site are downloaded and saved onto
your computer so that you can view the web site locally on your computer in your
web browser. Web site content typically contains many small files.
• Flash. Macromedia Flash (.SWF) content is used widely on web sites to enhance
sites with a more dynamic presentation. Flash content can be diverse in nature –
ads, games, movies, complete web sites and more. Flash content is displayed in your
web browser using an additional component (e.g. ActiveX control). The use of these
additional components can make downloading flash content onto your computer
difficult. Typically, flash content is small-to-medium in size.
• RSS feeds. Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds are now being used widely on
web sites to provide up-to-the-minute news and information about topics of interest
on a web site. RSS feeds are XML based files that describe topics of interest and
contain links for internet users to gain more information. Typically, RSS feeds are
viewed in RSS readers that are capable of presenting the RSS feed in a wellformatted
manner. RSS feeds are typically small files that are updated regularly.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 7
• Games and game files. Games are executable files that are usually downloaded
and installed onto your computer. Games files are typically extensions or additions to
existing games that you have already installed onto your computer. Games are
typically large files that take significant bandwidth and time to download.
• Compressed files. Compressed files are collections of files that have been
compressed to make them smaller to download. Internet users require a program
installed on their computer to de-compress the files once downloaded. Popular
formats for compressing files are ZIP, TAR and RAR. Typically, compressed files are
very large in size and can take significant bandwidth and time to download.
• Documents. Document files are often available for download on the internet.
Popular document formats are Acrobat PDF files, Word DOC files, EXCEL XLS files and
PowerPoint PPT files. Document files can be large in size, requiring significant
bandwidth and time to download.
• Data files. An increasing number of businesses download data files from the
internet on a daily basis – often as a regular scheduled backup of their online data or
to simply get the latest up-to-date data for their business. Data files can be any type
of file and can be large in size, requiring significant bandwidth and time to download.
2.1 Various protocols used on the internet
Along with different types of content on the internet, there are several standard protocols that
are used to access files and content. The popular internet protocols are:
• http://. The hypertext transfer protocol is used to access and view web sites and is
the most widely-used protocol by internet users. Any type of file may be accessed
using this protocol. Example: http://www.example.com/folder/file.zip.
• https://. The secure hypertext transfer protocol is used to access and view web
sites. Any type of file may be accessed using this protocol. Example:
https://www.example.com/folder/file.zip.
• ftp://. The file transfer protocol is one of the oldest protocols still in use today and
is used to upload and download to servers. Example:
ftp://ftp.example.com/folder/file.zip.
• mms://. The multi-media server protocol is used to connect to Windows media
streaming servers so that Windows media streaming audio and video can be played.
Valid file types are .WMA, .WMV, .WAX, .WVX, .ASF and .ASX. Example:
mms://www.example.com/folder/file.wmv.
• rtsp://. The real-time streaming protocol is used to connect to streaming servers so
that streaming audio and video can be played. Valid file types include Real
Audio/Video (.RA, .RM), Windows Media (.WMA, .WMV, .WAX, .WVX, .ASF, .ASX) and
QuickTime (.QT, .MOV). Example: rtsp://www.example.com/folder/file.rm.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 8
3. Tutorial: How to download a file
3.1 Downloading without a download manager
Typically, you will find a file that you wish to download while browsing the internet with your
web browser.
Without a download manager installed, when you click on a link in your web browser, a Save
As dialog box is displayed so you can confirm that you wish to download the file and so you
can specify where to save the file. Your web browser will download the file to the location
that you have requested.
Using Internet Explorer without a download manager, the default File Download dialog box will be
displayed.
If a problem occurs during the download and it fails, then you will have start from the
beginning and download the file again. This extra time and extra bandwidth can be very
frustrating if you have downloaded the majority of the file, but have to start again.
Using Internet Explorer without a download manager, when an error occurs, you will have to start
your download all over again.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 9
3.2 Downloading with a download manager
With a download manager installed, such as DownloadStudio, you will click on the same link in
your web browser and your download manager will display an Add Job dialog. This dialog box
gives you much more control over the download than your web browser’s default dialog box.
You have numerous settings that you can configure such as the file name, the folder location,
comments, keywords, category, connection settings, password settings and acceleration
settings.
Using Internet Explorer with DownloadStudio installed, DownloadStudio’s Add Job dialog box will be
displayed and let you download files faster and with more control.
Typically, leaving the default settings on the Add Job dialog are the most suitable settings for
most downloads and will download the file for you with just one click of your mouse. Once
downloaded, you download manager will notify you that it is complete and let you open the
file or go to the folder containing the file.
A significant benefit of using the Add Job dialog is that your file downloads will be faster that
just using your web browser. In many cases, it will be 50-100% faster and, in some cases, it
will be up to 500% faster. The variation in acceleration depends on many factors such as the
speed and congestion of your internet connection and the speed and congestion of the web
server you are downloading from.
Another important benefit is that if the download fails for some reason, you can resume the
download where it failed – thus saving you significant time and bandwidth.
After a file is downloaded, you can configure your download manager to automatically perform
virus and spyware checks on downloaded files. Download managers also help you organize
your downloaded files so that they are easily found later. Most download managers allow you
to use categories to set the folder location of the file. Some download managers, such as
DownloadStudio, take this further with a complete category database that lets you organize
your files into virtual folders.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 10
4. Tutorial: How to download from password-protected web
sites
Many web sites on the internet require you log into the web site before you can access
content on the site. Typically, when you become a member of a free or paid web site, you
will be given a user name and password that you must use to log into the site.
There are two techniques that web sites use for authentication:
• Basic authentication
• Forms-based logins and session-based cookies
4.1 Basic authentication
The most common technique used by web servers is basic authentication. When accessing a
web server with either the http://, https:// or ftp:// protocols, the server will request that a
user name and password be supplied. At this time, the download manager must supply a
valid user name and password to continue the conversation with the web server – otherwise
the conversation will be terminated.
DownloadStudio provides comprehensive support for basic authentication:
• If no user name or password can be found in the download job or in the Login List in
the Options dialog, then DownloadStudio will display a Login dialog that will let you
enter your user name and password.
• When creating a download job, you can enter the user name and password into the
settings for the download job, so it will be automatically supplied to the web server
when the download job starts.
• If you access particular web sites many times, then it may be best to save the user
name and password in the Login List in the Options dialog. When user names and
passwords are added to the Login list in the Options dialog, you no longer need to
add the user name and password to each download job, thus saving you time and
effort.
4.2 Forms-based logins and session-based cookies
Some web sites require you to login with your user name and password using a form on their
web site. In addition, it is now common for web sites to ask you to enter a security code that
is displayed as an image.
After entering these details, the web site typically creates a session-based cookie in your web
browser. This cookie is used to authenticate all your subsequent access to the web server.
If the cookie does not exist, then access is denied. This technique is quite different from
using basic authentication, so entering your user name and password directly into the settings
for a download job will not work with these web sites.
DownloadStudio is capable of downloading from forms-based login web sites. The following
technique should be used:
1. Start Internet Explorer and log into the web site using your user name and password.
2. Keep Internet Explorer running.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 11
3. Start DownloadStudio and create a download job that downloads the files that you
want from the web site. There is no need to enter the user name and password into
the download job.
4. Start downloading files as you normally do.
5. When completed, close Internet Explorer.
DownloadStudio is capable of downloading files from these web sites since it is able to read
the session-based cookies directly from Internet Explorer. It then sends this cookie
information to the web server whenever it requests content from the web server.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 12
5. Tutorial: How to download a collection of files
Web sites that have many files often use file-naming conventions whereby they name their
files using a series of numbers or letters. For example, a celebrity photo galley site may
name its ‘Angelina Jolie’ photos as angelina_jolie001.jpg, angelina_jolie002.jpg,
angelina_jolie003.jpg … angelina_jolie125.jpg. From this, you can see that they are just a
series of photos numbered from 1 to 125. Or, a MP3 music site may name the artist Beck’s
MP3 files as beck_odelay_track1.mp3, beck_odelay_track2.mp3 … beck_odelay_track12.mp3.
From this you can see that they are just a series of MP3s numbered from 1 to 12.
Rather than having to do the tedious job of downloading each file separately, the file range
technique of downloading lets you specify the URL for one of the files and then you can
specify the file range for the download. This makes downloading collections of files extremely
convenient and well suited to photo gallery sites or music sites.
For this tutorial, we will download a series of photos of the Oscar-wining actress, Halle Berry,
from a celebrity photo web site.
Internet Explorer displaying a photo gallery of Halle Berry photos. We wish to download the largesized
photos from this site.
5.1 Determining file-naming convention of files
The first step is to look at the URLs of the large-sized photos that you wish to download. You
need to discover the file-naming convention that the web site uses for its photos. Click on a
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 13
thumbnail to display the large-sized photo in your web browser and then right-click on a
large-sized photo to display your web browser’s right-click menu and then click the Properties
menu item. This will display the properties of the image.
Internet Explorer Properties dialog for a JPEG photo of Halle Berry on a celebrity photo gallery web
site.
Looking at several large-sized photos of Halle Berry on this site, we can see that the filenaming
convention for this web site looks like:
http://www.celebritywonder.com/mp/2004_Catwoman/2004_catwoman_001.jpg
http://www.celebritywonder.com/mp/2004_Catwoman/2004_catwoman_002.jpg
…
http://www.celebritywonder.com/mp/2004_Catwoman/2004_catwoman_099.jpg
Based on this, we can easily determine that the file range to download all the large-sized
photos will be:
http://www.celebritywonder.com/mp/2004_Catwoman/2004_catwoman_[001-099].jpg
5.2 Creating file-range download job
Now we can create a download job that matches this file range. In DownloadStudio, we
simply click the Add toolbar button and fill in the Add Job dialog with the URL and the file
range that we discovered.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 14
Internet Explorer and DownloadStudio’s Add Job dialog with File Range settings displayed to
download a series of Halle Berry photos.
To check the file range, you can click Preview button on the Add Job dialog and it will display
all URLs in the file range.
After creating the download job, DownloadStudio will attempt to download all URLs in the file
range from the web site and save the files onto your computer. This technique is a very
powerful way to download collections of files.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 15
6. Tutorial: How to download a complete web site
Downloading a complete web site is an easy task with a multi-featured download manager,
such as DownloadStudio, that has a web site downloading capabilities. By simply providing
the URL of the web site, a download manager will download all files relating to the web site
so that you can open it on your web browser without being connected to the internet.
Downloading complete web sites can be useful for research purposes, for daily backups of
your business data or for simply offline browsing when you are not connected to the internet.
For this tutorial, we will download a web site about building a backyard aviary.
6.1 Creating a web site download job
The first step is to start DownloadStudio and click the Add toolbar to create a new download
job. We just need to enter the URL for the web site and change any of the default settings.
Add Job dialog to download the complete web site for backyard aviaries
The next step is to click OK and the download jobs will start immediately. After a few minutes
of downloading, the complete web site will be downloaded. In the above example, over 18MB
of data and 500 files were downloaded.
Warning: Downloading complete web sites can download many files that could total many
gigabytes of data, so you must be careful and monitor your web site downloads. You
could quickly exceed your monthly internet bandwidth limit or exceed the size of your
computer’s storage quite easily.
Once downloaded, you can view the web site on your computer just as you would when
connected to the internet.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 16
Internet Explorer displaying the backyard aviary web site that was downloaded using
DownloadStudio
When downloading web sites, there are several settings that let you control the files that you
download. These are discussed in the following sections.
6.2 Link depth setting
The link depth setting allows you to control how deep you wish to traverse into a web site. It
is the number of link levels that you wish to download from the web site. A link depth of 0
means that only the top-level web page and its images will be
downloaded. A link depth of 1 means that the top-level web page
and its images will be downloaded and the links on that web page will
also be downloaded. You can choose any number of levels for the
link depth. An unlimited link depth means that all links will be
downloaded from the web site – so the complete web site will be
downloaded.
The diagram illustrates how increasing the link depth will download
more content from a web site.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 17
6.3 Span across setting
The span setting allows you control the location of content that is downloaded. For example,
you may just want to download content from the same web server as the URL and ignore
external links to (say) advertisements and other non-relevant material. Or, you may want to
just download content from the URL’s folder and sub-folders.
When using span settings, it is important to understand the difference in the meaning of
server, domain and group. There are 4 possible values for the span setting:
• Folder and sub-folders. Only files in the same folder or sub-folder as the URL will
be downloaded.
• Server. Only files on the same server as the URL will be downloaded.
• Domain. Only files on the same domain as the URL will be downloaded.
• Group. Only files on the same group as the URL will be downloaded.
• All domains and servers. Any URL will be downloaded.
As an example, using the URL "http://www.conceiva.com/images/logo.gif":
• Folder and sub-folders: “www.conceiva.com/images” is the folder. Any content
under this folder would be permitted to be downloaded – such as
“http://www.conceiva.com/images/logo.gif” or
“http://www.conceiva.com/images/banner/top320x240.gif”
• Server: "www.conceiva.com" is the server name. Any content on this server would be
permitted to be downloaded – such as “http://www.conceiva.com/default.asp” or
“http://www.conceiva.com/downloads/downloadstudio.exe”
• Domain: "conceiva.com" is the domain name. Any content from any servers on this
domain would be permitted to be downloaded – such as
“http://www.conceiva.com/company/whitepaper.pdf” or
“http://forum.conceiva.com/index.htm”
• Group: "conceiva" is the group name. Any content from servers on this group would
permitted to be downloaded – such as “http://www.conceiva.com/default.asp” or
“http://register.conceiva.co.jp/default.asp” or
“http://images.conceiva.co.uk/library/P98007.gif”
6.4 File types setting
With DownloadStudio, you can choose what types of files you wish to download. For example,
you may just want to download all the images that are larges than 100KB from a web site (so
you only download the large-size images and skip the small thumbnails on a photo gallery web
site). Or, you may wish to download all PDF documents from a web site.
There are two methods that you can use to determine type of files on a web site:
• The file extension of a file. DownloadStudio will match the file extension of the
URL (e.g. .JPG) with the list of file extensions that you wish to download (e.g. .JPG;
.GIF; .PNG). This is the fastest method for downloading files of a certain type.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 18
• The MIME type of a file. DownloadStudio will request the MIME type of the URL
from the web server and match it with the list of MIME types that you wish to
download. This is the most accurate method since sometimes the file extension may
not truly represent the type of the file, whereas the MIME type is typically correct.
You can choose to download files based on their file size or last-modified date. This let’s you
get files of a certain file size or files that are not older than a certain date.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 19
7. Tutorial: How to download only large-sized photos
Downloading large-sized photos is a very popular hobby for internet users. There are many
photo gallery web sites that contain photos of interest such as celebrities, cars, girls, animals
and more.
Multi-featured download managers, such as DownloadStudio, are capable of walking through a
complete web site and downloading the photos that you want.
Downloading all the photos from a web site is just like downloading a complete web site –
except that you want to restrict the files being downloaded to just the photo files. Images
and pictures on the internet are typically JPEG, GIF or PNG files. In most cases, photos are
JPEG files.
For this tutorial, we will download large-sized photos of Mini Cooper cars from a Mini Cooper
fan site.
7.1 Creating a filtered web site download job
The first step is to start DownloadStudio and create a web site download job. We need to
enter the URL for the web site and then change the settings for the download job.
Add Job dialog to download large-sized JPEG photos
To change the types of files that we wish to download, we need to click the Advanced Settings
button and then select JPEG files as the type of files that we wish to download. Also we wish
to ignore files that are less than 50KB in size (this will help us ignore the smaller thumbnail
files and just get the large-size images).
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 20
Advanced Settings dialog to specify to just download JPEG files that are larger than 50KB
After setting up our criteria for the download job, we can start the download. It will walk
through the complete web site looking for JPEG images that are larger than 50KB in file size.
These files will be downloaded and saved onto your computer.
7.2 Viewing downloaded photos
Once the download job has been completed, you can view all the photos that were
downloaded using DownloadStudio’s integrated file browser. The file browser supports over
100 popular file formats so that you can see thumbnails of your downloaded files. Doubleclicking
on a thumbnail will display the full-sized photo in the Instant Viewer, or you can
watch a slideshow of all your downloaded images. You can also print full-sized prints or index
prints or your images.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 21
DownloadStudio File Browser displaying thumbnails of all downloaded photos
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 22
8. Tutorial: How to download a movie or video
Streaming audio or video cannot be downloaded and saved onto your computer without the
use of a download manager. The reason is that streaming audio or video is designed to be
sent as small packets of data to your media player on your computer. Once played, the
packets of data are discarded – so there is no way for you to save the file using your web
browser or media player.
Some multi-featured download managers, such as DownloadStudio, are capable of connecting
to streaming media servers just like media players. Instead of discarding the data, download
managers save this data to a file onto your computer so that the streaming audio or video the
can be played anytime without being connected to the internet.
In addition, another technique supported by DownloadStudio is to capture the audio and video
as it plays in your media player. DownloadStudio includes a specialized capture tool that is
able to record the audio and video as it plays, and then save it to a file on your computer.
8.1 Finding the URL for streaming media
The first step when downloading streaming audio or video is to find the URL of the streaming
media to download. Here are the best ways to get the URL of streaming media:
1. Media player properties. In many cases, you can get the URL by viewing the
Properties dialog of the streaming audio or video as it is playing in your media player.
Right-click in your media player and click Properties, or click the File/Properties menu
item, to display the Properties dialog. The Properties dialog may display the Location
(or URL) of the streaming media.
Windows Media Player Properties dialog, showing the URL for a movie that it is playing
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 23
2. View links on a web page. DownloadStudio contains a site explorer that is capable
of displaying all links contained on a web page. This may show the URL of the
streaming media. In your web browser, go to the web page that contains the link to
the streaming media and then click View Links on the DownloadStudio toolbar or
right-click in the page and click Show Links from the context menu. This will start
DownloadStudio and go to Browse Internet mode. All links on the web page will be
displayed. You can sort them by the Type column to find URLs that are streaming
media URLs. In many cases, this will find the URL that you are after.
DownloadStudio Browse Internet mode, showing all links found on a movie web page.
3. URL Sniffer. If neither of the first two methods gives you the URL of the streaming
media, then you can use a URL Sniffer application to watch all traffic between your
computer and the internet. DownloadStudio includes the DownloadStudio URL Sniffer
application. When you start to play the streaming media in your media player, start
sniffing with DownloadStudio URL Sniffer and you will be able to see the URL of the
streaming media appear in the URL List. You can then select it and click “Download
Selected URL” to create a download job in DownloadStudio.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 24
DownloadStudio URL Sniffer, showing URLs that have been detected when clicking on video
links in a web page.
8.2 Identifying the type of streaming media
There are three popular types of streaming media used on the internet. You can use this
information to help identify the type of streaming media that you are downloading:
• Windows Media streaming servers. Streaming media from Windows Media servers
typically use the protocol http://, mms:// or rtsp://. File extensions are typically
.WMV, .WVX, .WMA, .WAX, .ASF or .ASX.
• Real Media streaming servers. Streaming media from Real Media servers typically use
the protocol http:// or rtsp://. File extensions are typically .RA, .RM or .RAM.
• QuickTime streaming servers. Streaming media from QuickTime servers typically use
the protocol http://. File extensions are typically .QT or .MOV.
8.3 Streaming media meta-files
Web sites will often not link directly to the streaming audio or video. Instead, they often link
to streaming media meta-files. These meta-files are small XML file or text files that are used
to describe more information about the streaming media such as different resolutions of the
streaming media and alternate locations of the streaming media.
On Windows media servers, meta-files usually have a file extension of .WVX, .WAX or .ASX –
whereas the actual steaming media has a file extension of .WMV, .WMA or .ASF. On Real
media servers, meta-files usually have a file extension of .RAM, whereas the actual streaming
media has a file extension of .RA or .RM.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 25
DownloadStudio can parse Windows media meta-files to locate and automatically download
the actual streaming media, thus saving you the trouble of working out what is the actual
streaming media URL to download.
8.4 Downloading streaming media from a streaming media server
Once you find the URL for the streaming media that you wish to download, you can determine
if you can download it directly using your download manager. DownloadStudio can download
streaming media directly from Windows media streaming servers (.WMV, .WVX, .WMA, .WAX,
.ASF or .ASX files).
If the URL is a Windows media streaming media URL, then you can download the streaming
media just as you download any single file from the internet. See the tutorial “How to
download a single file” for more details about single file downloading.
For this tutorial, we will download a movie trailer for the animated movie “Madagascar”. The
first step is to get the URL of the streaming video. We can find the URL by right-clicking in
Windows Media Player (or using the File/Properties menu item) to see the properties of the
steaming media as it is playing. This tells us the URL that we need to download.
The next step is to start DownloadStudio and click the Add toolbar button to display the Add
Job dialog. We need to enter the URL of the streaming video and click OK to start the
download. The download will take several minutes to download the movie trailer.
DownloadStudio Add Job dialog with streaming video URL
Once the download has completed, we can click the Open toolbar button to play the video file
(WMV format) that has been saved to your computer.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 26
Windows Media Player playing the downloaded streaming video
8.5 Capturing streaming media as it plays on your computer
If your download manager does not support downloading streaming media directly or does not
support certain streaming media servers, then an alternate technique you can use is to
capture the streaming media as it plays in your media player.
DownloadStudio includes a specialized tool to capture streaming audio and video. The
DownloadStudio Audio/Video Capture software application is capable of recording audio and
video as it plays on your computer, allowing you to save any streaming audio or video.
For this tutorial, we will capture the trailer for the animated movie “Incredibles” as it plays in
Windows Media Player.
The first step is to start playing the movie trailer in you media player. You can do this by
clicking on the link for movie trailer in your web browser. Once it starts playing, click Stop in
your media player. Next, start DownloadStudio Audio/Video Capture.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 27
Windows Media Player and DownloadStudio Audio/Video Capture
By clicking on the Capture icon in DownloadStudio Audio/Video Capture and dragging it over
your media player, you can select the window that you wish to capture video from.
Now, you can select the format of the audio or video that you wish to save on your computer.
For video, you can choose the AVI or WMV formats and for audio you can choose the WAV or
WMA formats.
Tip: There are numerous settings in the Recording Options dialog for DownloadStudio
Audio/Video Capture that will let you fine-tune how you capture audio and video. For
example, you can choose the audio device that you wish to capture audio from.
When you are ready to begin recording, start playing the movie trailer in your media player
and click the Start Recording button in DownloadStudio Audio/Video Capture. Once you have
recorded the movie trailer, click the Stop Recording button (or press CTRL + F9). The
captured video will then be saved to the format of your choice onto your computer. You can
click the Play button to play the recorded audio or video.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 28
Technical Note: By default, most media players will use hardware acceleration features of
your video card. If hardware acceleration is turned on, DownloadStudio Audio/Video
Capture may not be able to capture the video as it plays. This will result in a black video
being recorded. You must to turn off hardware acceleration in the Options dialog of your
media player. For Windows Media Player, go to the Tools/Options dialog, and click on the
Performance tab. Make sure the Video Acceleration slider is set to None. For Real One
Player, go to the Tools/Preferences dialog, and click on the Hardware page. Make sure
the Video Card Compatibility is set to Most Reliable.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 29
9. Tutorial: How to subscribe to RSS feeds
RSS feeds have become a popular way for web sites to inform you about its latest news or its
latest content. RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication and is an XML based file that
contains information and links about content from a web site. Popular RSS feeds are latest
headlines from news web sites, latest music titles from music sites, latest company news from
business web sites, latest topics from blogs, and more.
By subscribing to an RSS feed for a web site, you can keep up-to-date about all the latest
news and content for that web site. You can subscribe to RSS feeds using a dedicated RSS
feed reader like Awasu (http://www.awasu.com) or using a multi-featured download manager,
such as DownloadStudio.
For this tutorial, we will use DownloadStudio to subscribe to an RSS feed from CNN
(http://www.cnn.com).
The first step is to start DownloadStudio and go to Read RSS Feed mode. Click the Add
toolbar button to display the Subscribe To RSS Feed dialog and enter the URL of the RSS feed.
If you are unsure of the URL for the RSS feed, then just enter the URL of the web site
containing the RSS feed and click the Auto Discover button. DownloadStudio will try to find
the RSS feed URL and automatically enter it into the dialog for you.
DownloadStudio Subscribe To RSS Feed dialog lets you subscribe to RSS feeds on web sites.
Click OK to subscribe to the RSS feed and DownloadStudio will download the RSS feed and
display it for you to read. Using DownloadStudio’s integrated RSS feed reader, you can view
all unread items, visit links to read more about topics, and more.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 30
DownloadStudio RSS Feed Reader displaying feed from CNN web site
In addition to the typical features of RSS feed readers, DownloadStudio contains additional
features that give you more power and flexibility when subscribing to RSS feeds:
• Downloading podcasts and enclosures
• Downloading feed content for offline browsing
9.1 Downloading podcasts and enclosures
Podcasts are RSS feeds that contain information and links to audio and video files. They have
become very a popular way to get your favorite music, due mainly to the popularity of
portable media players such as Apple’s iPod.
For example, owners of portable media players often subscribe to podcasts of their favorite
artists and download the latest MP3 music titles so they can upload them into their portable
music player.
Technical Note: Podcasts use the “enclosure” tag within an RSS feed to specify the
location of an audio or video file. Download managers such as DownloadStudio are
capable of downloading the enclosures from an RSS feed so that you can save all the
audio or video files from a podcast onto your computer.
For this tutorial, we will download an MP3 podcast from a podcast directory. The steps are
the same for subscribing to an RSS feed. We need to enter the URL for the podcast. Make
sure you check the ‘Download enclosures’ checkbox so that you also download the audio files
for the podcast. Once downloaded, you can them save them into your portable media player.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 31
DownloadStudio Subscribe To RSS Feed dialog with a podcast URL. Make sure the ‘Download
enclosures’ checkbox is checked so that you also download all the MP3 files in the podcast.
9.2 Downloading feed content for offline browsing
A powerful way to use DownloadStudio when subscribing to RSS feeds is to download the RSS
feed XML file and all the associated links so that the complete RSS feed can be viewed offline
without being connected to the internet.
For example, this can be useful for downloading the latest news every morning and saving
them onto your PDA or laptop for viewing whilst traveling.
Downloading the associated links for a RSS feed is easy with DownloadStudio. If you wish to
download the web pages for all the news items on an RSS feed, then simply increase the link
depth to 1. This will download the RSS feed and all web pages and their images so that you
can view the complete RSS feed on your computer without being connected to the internet.
You can increase the link depth further to download more content contained on other pages if
you wish.
You also have full control over what types of files that you want downloaded with your RSS
feed. These download job settings are the same as for a web site download. You can choose
the type of files to download, their file size, the link depth, the span setting and more. See
the Tutorials “How to download a complete web site” and “How to download only large-sized
photos” for more details on changing the settings to download.
Copyright © 2005 Conceiva Pty. Ltd. http://www.conceiva.com 32
10. Tutorial: How to save Flash content
Downloading or saving Macromedia Flash (.SWF) content from a web browser can be very
difficult since Flash is displayed using additional components (e.g. ActiveX controls) in your
web browser. This is particularly the case for Internet Explorer and Internet Explorer-based
web browsers.
10.1 Right-click and save flash
DownloadStudio, and some other flash capture tools, have solved this problem by enabling
you to right-click on Flash content and save the Flash content to your computer.
DownloadStudio does this by adding extra menu items to the Macromedia Flash component in
Internet Explorer.
Right-clicking on flash content in Internet Explorer will display the standard Flash context menu –
but with two important additions that allow you to save the flash file to your computer and to
configure how you wish to capture flash.

All about Computer

1. Komputer
A. Pengertian Komputer


Komputer adalah alat yang dipakai untuk mengolah data menurut prosedur yang telah dirumuskan. Kata computer semula dipergunakan untuk menggambarkan orang yang perkerjaannya melakukan perhitungan aritmatika, dengan atau tanpa alat bantu, tetapi arti kata ini kemudian dipindahkan kepada mesin itu sendiri. Asal mulanya, pengolahan informasi hampir eksklusif berhubungan dengan masalah aritmatika, tetapi komputer modern dipakai untuk banyak tugas yang tidak berhubungan dengan matematika.

Dalam definisi seperti itu terdapat alat seperti slide rule, jenis kalkulator mekanik mulai dari abakus dan seterusnya, sampai semua komputer elektronik yang kontemporer. Istilah lebih baik yang cocok untuk arti luas seperti "komputer" adalah "yang memproses informasi" atau "sistem pengolah informasi."

Sekalipun demikian, definisi di atas mencakup banyak alat khusus yang hanya bisa
memperhitungkan satu atau beberapa fungsi. Ketika mempertimbangkan komputer modern, sifat mereka yang paling penting yang membedakan mereka dari alat menghitung yang lebih awal ialah bahwa, dengan pemrograman yang benar, semua komputer dapat mengemulasi sifat apa pun (meskipun barangkali dibatasi oleh kapasitas penyimpanan dan kecepatan yang berbeda), dan, memang dipercaya bahwa mesin sekarang bisa meniru alat perkomputeran yang akan kita ciptakan di masa depan (meskipun niscaya lebih lambat). Dalam suatu pengertian, batas kemampuan ini adalah tes yang berguna karena mengenali komputer "maksud umum" dari alat maksud istimewa
yang lebih awal. Definisi dari "maksud umum" bisa diformulasikan ke dalam syarat bahwa suatu mesin harus dapat meniru Mesin Turing universal. Mesin yang mendapat definisi ini dikenal sebagai Turing-lengkap, dan yang pertama mereka muncul pada tahun 1940 di tengah kesibukan perkembangan di seluruh dunia. Lihat artikel sejarah perkomputeran untuk lebih banyak detail periode ini.
B. Bagaimana Komputer Bekerja ?
Saat teknologi yang dipakai pada komputer digital sudah berganti secara dramatis sejak komputer pertama pada tahun 1940-an (lihat Sejarah perangkat keras menghitung untuk lebih banyak detail), komputer kebanyakan masih menggunakan arsitektur Von Neumann, yang diusulkan di awal 1940-an oleh John von Neumann.
Arsitektur Von Neumann menggambarkan komputer dengan empat bagian utama: Unit Aritmatika dan Logis (ALU), unit kontrol, memori, dan alat masukan dan hasil (secara kolektif dinamakan I/O). Bagian ini dihubungkan oleh berkas kawat, "bus"



Memori

Di sistem ini, memori adalah urutan byte yang dinomori (seperti "sel" atau "lubang burung dara"), masing-masing berisi sepotong kecil informasi. Informasi ini mungkin menjadi perintah untuk mengatakan pada komputer apa yang harus dilakukan. Sel mungkin berisi data yang diperlukan komputer untuk melakukan suatu perintah. Setiap slot mungkin berisi salah satu, dan apa yang sekarang menjadi data mungkin saja kemudian menjadi perintah.
Memori menyimpan berbagai bentuk informasi sebagai angka biner. Informasi yang belum berbentuk biner akan dipecahkan (encoded) dengan sejumlah instruksi yang mengubahnya menjadi sebuah angka atau urutan angka-angka. Sebagai contoh: Huruf F disimpan sebagai angka desimal 70 (atau angka biner ) menggunakan salah satu metode pemecahan. Instruksi yang lebih kompleks bisa digunakan untuk menyimpan gambar, suara, video, dan berbagai macam informasi. Informasi yang bisa disimpan dalam satu sell dinamakan sebuah byte.
Secara umum, memori bisa ditulis kembali lebih jutaan kali - memori dapat diumpamakan sebagai papan tulis dan kapur yang dapat ditulis dan dihapus kembali, daripada buku tulis dengan pena yang tidak dapat dihapus.
Ukuran masing-masing sel, dan jumlah sel, berubah secara hebat dari komputer ke komputer, dan teknologi dalam pembuatan memori sudah berubah secara hebat - dari relay elektromekanik, ke tabung yang diisi dengan air raksa (dan kemudian pegas) di mana pulsa akustik terbentuk, sampai matriks magnet permanen, ke setiap transistor, ke sirkuit terpadu dengan jutaan transistor di atas satu chip silikon.
Pemrosesan
Unit Pemproses Pusat atau CPU ( central processing unit) berperanan untuk memproses arahan, melaksanakan pengiraan dan menguruskan laluan informasi menerusi system komputer. Unit atau peranti pemprosesan juga akan berkomunikasi dengan peranti input , output dan storan bagi melaksanakan arahan-arahan berkaitan.
Dalam arsitektur von Neumann yang asli, ia menjelaskan sebuah Unit Aritmatika dan Logika, dan sebuah Unit Kontrol. Dalam komputer-komputer modern, kedua unit ini terletak dalam satu sirkuit terpadu (IC - Integrated Circuit), yang biasanya disebut CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Unit Aritmatika dan Logika, atau Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), adalah alat yang melakukan pelaksanaan dasar seperti pelaksanaan aritmatika (tambahan, pengurangan, dan semacamnya), pelaksanaan logis (AND, OR, NOT), dan pelaksanaan perbandingan (misalnya, membandingkan isi sebanyak dua slot untuk kesetaraan). Pada unit inilah dilakukan "kerja" yang nyata.
Unit kontrol menyimpan perintah sekarang yang dilakukan oleh komputer, memerintahkan ALU untuk melaksanaan dan mendapat kembali informasi (dari memori) yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan perintah itu, dan memindahkan kembali hasil ke lokasi memori yang sesuai. Sekali yang terjadi, unit kontrol pergi ke perintah berikutnya (biasanya ditempatkan di slot berikutnya, kecuali kalau perintah itu adalah perintah lompatan yang memberitahukan kepada komputer bahwa perintah berikutnya ditempatkan di lokasi lain).
Input dan Hasil
I/O membolehkan komputer mendapatkan informasi dari dunia luar, dan menaruh hasil kerjanya di sana, dapat berbentuk fisik (hardcopy) atau non fisik (softcopy). Ada berbagai macam alat I/O, dari yang akrab keyboard, monitor dan disk drive, ke yang lebih tidak biasa seperti webcam (kamera web, printer, scanner, dan sebagainya.
Yang dimiliki oleh semua alat masukan biasa ialah bahwa mereka meng-encode (mengubah) informasi dari suatu macam ke dalam data yang bisa diolah lebih lanjut oleh sistem komputer digital. Alat output, men-decode data ke dalam informasi yang bisa dimengerti oleh pemakai komputer. Dalam pengertian ini, sistem komputer digital adalah contoh sistem pengolah data.
Penggunaan Komputer
Komputer digital pertama, dengan ukuran dan biaya yang besar, sebagian besar mengerjakan perhitungan ilmiah. ENIAC, komputer awal AS semula didesain untuk memperhitungkan tabel ilmu balistik untuk persenjataan (artileri), menghitung kerapatan penampang neutron untuk melihat jika bom hidrogen akan bekerja dengan semestinya (perhitungan ini, yang dilakukan pada Desember 1945 sampai Januari 1946 dan melibatkan dala dalam lebih dari satu juta kartu punch, memperlihatkan bentuk lalu di bawah pertimbangan akan gagal). CSIR Mk I, komputer pertama Australia, mengevaluasi pola curah hujan untuk tempat penampungan dari Snowy Mountains, suatu proyek pembangkitan hidroelektrik besar. Yang lainnya juga dipakai dalam kriptanalisis, misalnya komputer elektronik digital yang pertama, Colossus, dibuat selama Perang Dunia II. Akan tetapi, visionaris awal juga menyangka bahwa pemrograman itu akan membolehkan main catur, memindahkan gambar dan penggunaan lain.
Orang-orang di pemerintah dan perusahaan besar juga memakai komputer untuk mengotomasikan banyak koleksi data dan mengerjakan tugas yang sebelumnya dikerjakan oleh manusia - misalnya, memelihara dan memperbarui rekening dan inventaris. Dalam bidang pendidikan, ilmuwan di berbagai bidang mulai memakai komputer untuk analisa mereka sendiri. Penurunan harga komputer membuat mereka dapat dipakai oleh organisasi yang lebih kecil. Bisnis, organisasi, dan pemerintah sering menggunakan amat banyak komputer kecil untuk menyelesaikan tugas bahwa dulunya dilakukan oleh komputer kerangka utama yang mahal dan besar. Kumpulan komputer yang lebih kecil di satu lokasi diserahkan ke sebagai perkebunan server.
Dengan penemuan mikroprosesor di 1970-an, menjadi mungkin menghasilkan komputer yang sangat murah. PC menjadi populer untuk banyak tugas, termasuk menyimpan buku, menulis dan mencetak dokumen. Perhitungan meramalkan dan lain berulang matematika dengan spreadsheet, berhubungan dengan e-pos dan, Internet. Namun, ketersediaan luas komputer dan mudah customization sudah melihat mereka dipakai untuk banyak maksud lain.
Sekaligus, komputer kecil, biasanya dengan mengatur memprogram, mulai menemukan cara mereka ke dalam alat lain seperti peralatan rumah, mobil, pesawat terbang, dan perlengkapan industri. Yang ini prosesor benam menguasai kelakuan alat seperti itu yang lebih mudah, membolehkan kelakuan kontrol yang lebih kompleks (untuk kejadian, perkembangan anti-kunci rem di mobil). Saat abad kedua puluh satu dimulai, kebanyakan alat listrik, kebanyakan bentuk angkutan bertenaga, dan kebanyakan batas produksi pabrik dikuasai di samping komputer. Kebanyakan insinyur meramalkan bahwa ini cenderung kepada akan terus.
Kata "Komputer"
Selama bertahun-tahun sudah ada beberapa arti yang agak berbeda pada kata 'komputer', dan beberapa kata berbeda untuk hal kami sekarang biasanya disebut komputer.
Misalnya "computer" secara umum pernah dipergunakan untuk bermaksud orang memperkerjakan untuk melakukan perhitungan aritmatika, dengan atau tanpa mesin membantu. Menurut Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, kata tersebut digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris pada tahun 1646 sebagai kata bagi "orang yang menghitung" dan lalu menjelang 1897 juga untuk "alat hitung mekanis". Selama Perang Dunia II kata tersebut menunjuk kepada para pekerja wanita AS dan Inggris yang pekerjaannya memperhitungkan jalan artileri perang besar dengan mesin seperti itu.
Charles Babbage mendesain salah satu mesin menghitung pertama disebut Mesin Analitikal, tetapi karena masalah teknologi tidak dibuat seumur hidupnya. Berbagai alat mesin yang sederhana seperti slide rule baik juga sudah menyebut komputer. Di beberapa kasus mereka diserahkan ke sebagai "komputer analog", sewaktu mereka melambangkan nomor oleh continuous kuantitas-kuantitas fisik daripada di samping digit biner yang berlainan. Apa sekarang menyebut "komputer" saja secara umum pernah menyebut "komputer digital" untuk membedakan mereka dari alat lain ini (yang masih dipakai di bidang analog pengolahan tanda, misalnya).
In yang memikirkan kata lain untuk komputer, itu ialah harga mengamati bahwa di bahasa lain kata yang dipilih selalu tidak mempunyai arti harfiah sama sebagai kata Bahasa Inggris. Dalam Bahasa Perancis misalnya, kata ialah "ordinateur", yang berarti kira-kira "organisator", atau "memisahkan mesin". Pada bahasa Spanyol digunakan kata "ordenador", dengan arti sama, walaupun di beberapa negara mereka menggunakan anglicism computadora. Dalam Bahasa Italia, komputer ialah "calcolatore", kalkulator, menekankannya computational menggunakan di balik yang logis seperti penyortiran. Dalam Bahasa Swedia, komputer dipanggil "dator" dari "data". Atau paling tidak pada tahun 1950-an, mereka disebut "matematikmaskin" (mesin matematika). Dalam Bahasa Tionghoa, komputer dipanggil "dien nau" atau suatu "otak listrik". Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kata lain dan frase sudah bekas, seperti "mesin pengolahan data".

Bagian-bagian Komputer
Komputer terdiri atas 2 bagian besar : Software/perangkat lunak dan hardware/perangkat keras.
Hardware
· Prosesor, atau CPU unit yang mengolah data
· Memori RAM, tempat menyimpan data sementara
· Hard drive, media penyimpanan semi permanen
· Perangkat masukan, media yang digunakan untuk memasukkan data untuk diproses oleh CPU, seperti mouse, keyboard, dan tablet
· Perangkat keluaran, media yang digunakan untuk menampilkan hasil keluaran pemrosesan CPU, seperti monitor dan printer.
Software
· Sistem operasi : Program dasar pada komputer yang menghubungkan pengguna dengan hardware komputer, seperti Linux, Windows, dan Mac OS. Tugas sistem operasi termasuk (tetapi tidak hanya) mengurus penjalanan program di atasnya, koordinasi Input, Output, pemrosesan, memori, serta penginstalan dan pembuangan software.
· Program komputer, aplikasi tambahan yang diinstal sesuai dengan sistem operasinya






Jaringan komputer
Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah sistem yang terdiri atas komputer dan perangkat jaringan lainnya yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang sama. Tujuan dari jaringan komputer adalah:
 Membagi sumber daya: contohnya berbagi pemakaian printer, CPU, memori, harddisk
 Komunikasi: contohnya surat elektronik, instant messaging, chatting
 Akses informasi: contohnya web browsing
Agar dapat mencapai tujuan yang sama, setiap bagian dari jaringan komputer meminta dan memberikan layanan (service). Pihak yang meminta layanan disebut klien (client) dan yang memberikan layanan disebut pelayan (server). Arsitektur ini disebut dengan sistem client-server, dan digunakan pada hampir seluruh aplikasi jaringan komputer.
Klasifikasi Berdasarkan skala :
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 Campus Area Network (CAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Global Area Network (GAN)
Berdasarkan fungsi : Pada dasarnya setiap jaringan komputer ada yang berfungsi sebagai client dan juga server. Tetapi ada jaringan yang memiliki komputer yang khusus didedikasikan sebagai server sedangkan yang lain sebagai client. Ada juga yang tidak memiliki komputer yang khusus berfungsi sebagai server saja. Karena itu berdasarkan fungsinya maka ada dua jenis jaringan komputer:
Client-server
Yaitu jaringan komputer dengan komputer yang didedikasikan khusus sebagai server. Sebuah service/layanan bisa diberikan oleh sebuah komputer atau lebih. Contohnya adalah sebuah domain seperti www.detik.com yang dilayani oleh banyak komputer web server. Atau bisa juga banyak service/layanan yang diberikan oleh satu komputer. Contohnya adalah server jtk.polban.ac.id yang merupakan satu komputer dengan multi service yaitu mail server, web server, file server, database server dan lainnya.

Peer-to-peer
Yaitu jaringan komputer dimana setiap host dapat menjadi server dan juga menjadi client secara bersamaan. Contohnya dalam file sharing antar komputer di Jaringan Windows Network Neighbourhood ada 5 komputer (kita beri nama A,B,C,D dan E) yang memberi hak akses terhadap file yang dimilikinya. Pada satu saat A mengakses file share dari B bernama data_nilai.xls dan juga memberi akses file soal_uas.doc kepada C. Saat A mengakses file dari B maka A berfungsi sebagai client dan saat A memberi akses file kepada C maka A berfungsi sebagai server. Kedua fungsi itu dilakukan oleh A secara bersamaan maka jaringan seperti ini dinamakan peer to peer.
Berdasarkan topologi jaringan: Berdasarkan [topologi jaringan], jaringan komputer dapat dibedakan atas:
1. Topologi bus
Pada topologi Bus, kedua unjung jaringan harus diakhiri dengan sebuah terminator. Barel connector dapat digunakan untuk memperluasnya. Jaringan hanya terdiri dari satu saluran kabel yang menggunakan kabel BNC. Komputer yang ingin terhubung ke jaringan dapat mengkaitkan dirinya dengan mentap Ethernetnya sepanjang kabel. Linear Bus: Layout ini termasuk layout yang umum. Satu kabel utama menghubungkan tiap simpul, ke saluran tunggal komputer yang mengaksesnya ujung dengan ujung. Masing-masing simpul dihubungkan ke dua simpul lainnya, kecuali mesin di salah satu ujung kabel, yang masing-masing hanya terhubung ke satu simpul lainnya. Topologi ini seringkali dijumpai pada sistem client/server, dimana salah satu mesin pada jaringan tersebut difungsikan sebagai File Server, yang berarti bahwa mesin tersebut dikhususkan hanya untuk pendistribusian data dan biasanya tidak digunakan untuk pemrosesan informasi. Instalasi jaringan Bus sangat sederhana, murah dan maksimal terdiri atas 5-7 komputer. Kesulitan yang sering dihadapi adalah kemungkinan terjadinya tabrakan data karena mekanisme jaringan relatif sederhana dan jika salah satu node putus maka akan mengganggu kinerja dan trafik seluruh jaringan.
Keunggulan topologi Bus adalah pengembangan jaringan atau penambahan workstation baru dapat dilakukan dengan mudah tanpa mengganggu workstation lain. Kelemahan dari topologi ini adalah bila terdapat gangguan di sepanjang kabel pusat maka keseluruhan jaringan akan mengalami gangguan.
Topologi linear bus merupakan topologi yang banyak dipergunakan pada masa penggunaan kabel Coaxial menjamur. Dengan menggunakan T-Connector (dengan terminator 50ohm pada ujung network), maka komputer atau perangkat jaringan lainnya bisa dengan mudah dihubungkan satu sama lain. Kesulitan utama dari penggunaan kabel coaxial adalah sulit untuk mengukur apakah kabel coaxial yang dipergunakan benar-benar matching atau tidak. Karena kalau tidak sungguh-sungguh diukur secara benar akan merusak NIC (network interface card) yang dipergunakan dan kinerja jaringan menjadi terhambat, tidak mencapai kemampuan maksimalnya. Topologi ini juga sering digunakan pada jaringan dengan basis fiber optic (yang kemudian digabungkan dengan topologi star untuk menghubungkan dengan client atau node.).

2. Topologi bintang
Topologi bintang merupakan bentuk topologi jaringan yang berupa konvergensi dari node tengah ke setiap node atau pengguna. Topologi jaringan bintang termasuk topologi jaringan dengan biaya menengah.
Kelebihan
 Kerusakan pada satu saluran hanya akan mempengaruhi jaringan pada saluran tersebut dan station yang terpaut.
 Tingkat keamanan termasuk tinggi.
 Tahan terhadap lalu lintas jaringan yang sibuk.
 Penambahan dan pengurangan station dapat dilakukan dengan mudah.
Kekurangan
 Jika node tengah mengalami kerusakan, maka seluruh jaringan akan terhenti.
Penanganan
 Perlunya disiapkan node tengah cadangan.

3. Topologi cincin
Topologi cincin adalah topologi jaringan berbentuk rangkaian titik yang masing-masing terhubung ke dua titik lainnya, sedemikian sehingga membentuk jalur melingkar membentuk cincin. Pada topologi cincin, komunikasi data dapat terganggu jika satu titik mengalami gangguan. Jaringan FDDI mengantisipasi kelemahan ini dengan mengirim data searah jarum jam dan berlawanan dengan arah jarum jam secara bersamaan.


4. Topologi jala
Topologi jala atau mesh adalah sejenis topologi jaringan yang menerapkan hubungan antarsentral secara penuh. Jumlah saluran harus disediakan untuk membentuk jaringan ini adalah jumlah sentral dikurangi 1 (n-1, n = jumlah sentral). Tingkat kerumitan jaringan sebanding dengan meningkatnya jumlah sentral yang terpasang. Topologi ini selain kurang ekonomis juga relatif mahal dalam pengoperasiannya.
5. Topologi Pohon
Topologi Jaringan Pohon (Tree) Topologi jaringan ini disebut juga sebagai topologi jaringan bertingkat. Topologi ini biasanya digunakan untuk interkoneksi antar sentral denganhirarki yang berbeda. Untuk hirarki yang lebih rendah digambarkan pada lokasi yang rendah dan semakin keatas mempunyai hirarki semakin tinggi. Topologi jaringan jenis ini cocok digunakan pada sistem jaringan komputer .
Pada jaringan pohon, terdapat beberapa tingkatan simpul (node). Pusat atau simpul yang lebih tinggi tingkatannya, dapat mengatur simpul lain yang lebih rendah tingkatannya. Data yang dikirim perlu melalui simpul pusat terlebih dahulu. Misalnya untuk bergerak dari komputer dengan node-3 kekomputer node-7 seperti halnya pada gambar, data yang ada harus melewati node-3, 5 dan node-6 sebelum berakhir pada node-7. Keungguluan jaringan model pohon seperti ini adalah, dapat terbentuknya suatu kelompok yang dibutuhkan pada setiap saat. Sebagai contoh, perusahaan dapat membentuk kelompok yang terdiri atas terminal pembukuan, serta pada kelompok lain dibentuk untuk terminal penjualan. Adapun kelemahannya adalah, apabila simpul yang lebih tinggi kemudian tidak berfungsi, maka kelompok lainnya yang berada dibawahnya akhirnya juga menjadi tidak efektif. Cara kerja jaringan pohon ini relatif menjadi lambat.
6. Topologi Linear
Jaringan komputer dengan topologi linier biasa disebut dengan topologi linier bus, layout ini termasuk layout umum. Satu kabel utama menghubungkan tiap titik koneksi (komputer) yang dihubungkan dengan konektor yang disebut dengan T Connector dan pada ujungnya harus diakhiri dengan sebuah terminator. Konektor yang digunakan bertipe BNC (British Naval Connector), sebenarnya BNC adalah nama konektor bukan nama kabelnya, kabel yang digunakan adalah RG 58 (Kabel Coaxial Thinnet). Installasi dari topologi linier bus ini sangat sederhana dan murah tetapi maksimal terdiri dari 5-7 Komputer.



Tipe konektornya terdiri dari
1. BNC Kabel konektor ---> Untuk menghubungkan kabel ke T konektor.
2. BNC T konektor ---> Untuk menghubungkan kabel ke komputer.
3. BNC Barrel konektor ---> Untuk menyambung 2 kabel BNC.
4. BNC Terminator ---> Untuk menandai akhir dari topologi bus.
Keuntungan dan kerugian dari jaringan komputer dengan topologi linier bus adalah:
Keuntungan:
hemat kabel, layout kabel sederhana, mudah dikembangkan, tidak butuh kendali pusat, dan penambahan maupun pengurangan terminal dapat dilakukan tanpa mengganggu operasi yang berjalan.
Kerugian:
deteksi dan isolasi kesalahan sangat kecil, kepadatan lalu lintas tinggi, keamanan data kurang terjamin, kecepatan akan menurun bila jumlah pemakai bertambah, dan diperlukan Repeater untuk jarak jauh.
Bahasa pemrograman

Bahasa pemrograman, atau sering diistilahkan juga dengan bahasa komputer, adalah teknik komando/instruksi standar untuk memerintah komputer. Bahasa pemrograman ini merupakan suatu set aturan sintaks dan semantik yang dipakai untuk mendefinisikan program komputer. Bahasa ini memungkinkan seorang programmer dapat menentukan secara persis data mana yang akan diolah oleh komputer, bagaimana data ini akan disimpan/diteruskan, dan jenis langkah apa secara persis yang akan diambil dalam berbagai situasi.
Komputer adalah mesin yang dapat melaksanakan seperangkat perintah dasar (instruction set). Komputer hanya dapat diberi perintah yang terdiri dari perintah-perintah dasar tersebut. Perintah-perintah yang lebih rumit (misalnya mengurutkan suatu daftar sesuai abjad) harus diterjemahkan menjadi serangkaian perintah-perintah dasar yang dapat dimengerti komputer (perintah-perintah yang termasuk dalam instruction set komputer tersebut) yang pada akhirnya dapat mennyelesaikan tugas yang diinginkan, meskipun dijalankan dengan beberapa operasi dasar, bukan satu operasi rumit.
Bahasa pemrograman adalah bahasa yang dapat diterjemahkan menjadi kumpulan perintah-perintah dasar tersebut. Penerjemahan dilakukan oleh program komputer yang disebut kompilator (compiler). Setiap bahasa pemrograman mempunyai kompilatornya sendiri. Contohnya, kompilator C++ tidak akan mengerti program yang ditulis dengan bahasa Java. Sintaks dari bahasa pemrograman lebih mudah dipahami oleh manusia daripada sintaks perintah dasar. Namun tentu saja komputer hanya dapat melaksanakan perintah dasar itu. Maka di sinilah peran penting kompilator sebagai perantara antara bahasa pemrograman dengan perintah dasar.Kegiatan membuat program komputer dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman disebut pemrograman komputer. Contoh bahasa pemrogaman adalah bahasa FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, JAVA, dan C++.
Berikut ini adalah daftar bahasa pemrograman komputer:
 Ada
 ALGOL
 Assembly
 BASIC:
o ASP
o BASIC
o COMAL
o Visual Basic
o Visual Basic for Applications
o VBScript
 Batch (MS-DOS)
 COBOL
 UNIX shell script:
o Bourne shell (sh) script
o Bourne-Again shell (bash) script
o Korn shell (ksh) script
o C shell (csh) script
 C:
o C++
o C#
o Visual C++
 ColdFusion
 dBase dkk.:
o Clipper
o Foxbase
o FoxPro
o Visual FoxPro
 Eiffel
 FORTRAN
 Haskell
 Java
o JavaScript
o JSP
 Lisp
 Logo
 Pascal
o Delphi
 Perl
 Prolog
 Python
 PHP
 Pike
 REXX
 REBOL
 RPG
 Ruby
 Simula
 Smalltalk
 Scheme
 SQL
Teknologi informasi
Teknologi Informasi dilihat dari kata penyusunnya adalah teknologi dan informasi. Secara mudahnya teknologi informasi adalah hasil rekayasa manusia terhadap proses penyampaian informasi dari bagian pengirim ke penerima sehingga pengiriman informasi tersebut akan:
· lebih cepat
· lebih luas sebarannya, dan
· lebih lama penyimpanannya.
Agar lebih mudah memahaminya mari kita lihat perkembangan di bidang teknologi informasi. Pada awal sejarah, manusia bertukar informasi melalui bahasa. Maka bahasa adalah teknologi. Bahasa memungkinkan seseorang memahami informasi yang disampaikan oleh orang lain. Tetapi bahasa yang disampaikan dari mulut ke mulut hanya bertahan sebentar saja, yaitu hanya pada saat si pengirim menyampaikan informasi melalui ucapannya itu saja. Setelah ucapan itu selesai, maka informasi yang berada di tangan si penerima itu akan dilupakan dan tidak bisa disimpan lama. Selain itu jangkauan suara juga terbatas. Untuk jarak tertentu, meskipun masih terdengar, informasi yang disampaikan lewat bahasa suara akan terdegradasi bahkan hilang sama sekali.
Setelah itu teknologi penyampaian informasi berkembang melalui gambar. Dengan gambar jangkauan informasi bisa lebih jauh. Gambar ini bisa dibawa-bawa dan disampaikan kepada orang lain. Selain itu informasi yang ada akan bertahan lebih lama. Beberapa gambar peninggalan jaman purba masih ada sampai sekarang sehingga manusia sekarang dapat (mencoba) memahami informasi yang ingin disampaikan pembuatnya.
Ditemukannya alfabet dan angka arabik memudahkan cara penyampaian informasi yang lebih efisien dari cara yang sebelumnya. Suatu gambar yang mewakili suatu peristiwa dibuat dengan kombinasi alfabet, atau dengan penulisan angka, seperti MCMXLIII diganti dengan 1943. Teknologi dengan alfabet ini memudahkan dalam penulisan informasi itu.
Kemudian, teknologi percetakan memungkinkan pengiriman informasi lebih cepat lagi. Teknologi elektronik seperti radio, tv, komputer mengakibatkan informasi menjadi lebih cepat tersebar di area yang lebih luas dan lebih lama tersimpan.

Daftar istilah Internet Indonesia
Istilah Internet Indonesia adalah istilah-istilah yang diserap dari bahasa asing karena kemajuan teknologi internet. Mayoritas istilah-istilah tersebut adalah berasal dari bahasa Inggris Amerika, karena dipandang memiliki kekayaan kosakata internet yang paling luas.
A. Terjemahan
Terjemahan istilah-istilah internet dan komputer seringkali menyisakan kesulitan sendiri bagi para ahli bahasa dikarenakan ilmu komputer dan internet merupakan teknologi baru yang terus menerus berkembang dan menciptakan istilah-istilah baru yang sebelumnya tidak pernah dikenal dalam ilmu linguistik. Oleh karena itu tidak jarang terjemahan langsung suatu istilah terasa janggal untuk diucapkan maupun ditulis. Sebagai contoh istilah cookie terasa janggal bila diterjemahkan menjadi 'roti' dalam bahasa Indonesia. Penerjemah-penerjemah harus berusaha sesetia mungkin dengan makna aslinya dengan tidak membuat padanan istilah yang tidak akan dipakai oleh pengguna-pengguna yang terbiasa dengan istilah di dalam bahasa lain.
Banyak dari istilah-istilah internet dan komputer yang memiliki sejarah panjang yang membuat makna kata sesungguhnya kabur, sebagai contoh adalah nama-nama merek terkenal yang seringkali mengambil dari kosakata bahasa di mana perusahaan tersebut berada. Dengan demikian, istilah-istilah yang sudah bercampur dengan kebudayaan dan sejarah suatu bangsa akan semakin sulit diterjemahkan ke dalam budaya yang sama sekali berlainan dan tidak memiliki sejarah internet dan komputer yang sama panjangnya. Sebagai contoh dalam hal ini adalah istilah desktop sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya dengan 'meja' ataupun 'permukaan' di dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Perhatikan bahwa tidak semua istilah dalam artikel ini merupakan istilah resmi seperti yang ditetapkan pemerintah Indonesia.
B. Istilah internet
 attachment = lampiran
 bandwidth = lebar pita
 broadband = pita lebar, jalur lebar
 browser = peramban, penjelajah
 bulletin board = papan buletin
 chat = obrol, obrolan, rumpi
 crash = bertabrakan (biasa untuk perangkat lunak/keras bermasalah)
 collission = tabrakan data
 connection = sambungan
 copy = salin, kopi, ganda
 cut = potong
 cyberspace = dunia maya
 database = pangkalan data, basis data
 delete/del = hapus
 domain = ranah
 download = ambil data, unduh, muat turun
 edit = sunting, ubah
 e-mail = imel, ratel / surel (surat elektronik), posel (pos elektronik), surat-e
 forward/fwd (e-mail) = terusan
 homepage = laman
 hosting = hosting
 interferensi = gangguan signal (berkaitan dengan signal wireless)
 install = pasang
 interface = antarmuka
 keyword = kata kunci
 lag = lambat
 link = taut, kait, pautan, pranala
 load = muat
 login / log in / log on / logon = log masuk, masuk log, lihat sign in
 logout / log out / log off / logoff = log keluar, keluar log, lihat sign out
 network = jaringan
 newsgroup = kelompok warta, kelompok diskusi
 mailing list = milis, senarai, forum ratel
 network = jaringan
 networking = jejaring
 off line = tidak terhubung, terputus
 online / on line = terhubung, tersambung
 passphrase = frase sandi, kalimat sandi
 password = kata sandi
 paste = tempel
 preview = pratonton, pratilik, pratayang
 internet service provider = penyelenggara jasa internet
 save = simpan
 scan = pindai
 server = peladen
 sign in / signin / sign on = catat masuk, lihat login
 sign out / sign off = catat keluar, lihat logout
 surfing = berselancar, selancar maya
 update = pemutakhiran, pembaruan
 upload = unggah, muat naik
 username = nama pengguna
 virtual reality = realitas maya
 webpage = halaman web
 website = situs web
 wireless = nirkabel
C. Istilah lain
 japri (jalur pribadi) biasanya istilah ini muncul di forum umum seperti milis atau web forum, kata japri digunakan oleh seseorang yang menghendaki komunikasi dilaksakanan melalui jalur pribadi, biasanya mengacu pada media email.
 jalum (jalur umum)
 jambat (jalur lambat)
 jamban (jalur lamban)
 jambat dapat dimengerti sebagai "tarik".





Daftar Pustaka
· (www.google.com, diakses 7 April 2009)
· (www.id.wikipedia.com, diakses 7 April 2009)